![]() ![]() The two types of organum are used in Jubilemus, exultemus. The two main styles of polyphony in the twelfth century are organum purum or organum duplum (the upper voice sings many notes for each note in the lower voice) and discant (both voices move together at about the same rate). In florid organum, the chant is sustained in long notes in the lower voice (called the tenor), while the upper voice sings decorative phrases of varying length. A new type of florid organum, called Aquitanian organum, appeared early in the twelfth century in Aquitaine, a region in southwestern France. Only portions of the chant that were sung by soloists were set polyphonically, so that in performance sections of polyphony alternate with sections of monophonic chant sung by the choir. Instructions on how to improvise free organum are preserved in the treatise Ad organum faciendum (On Making Organum, ca. In the eleventh century, the organal voice usually sings above the chant (although the voices may cross), moving in contrary, oblique, parallel, and similar motion to the chant and forming consonant intervals with it (unison, fourth, fifth, and octave). Either or both voices may be doubled at the octave. In parallel organum, an added voice ( organal voice) appears below a chant melody ( principal voice), moving in parallel fifths or fourths and making adjustments to avoid the tritone. ![]() Polyphony was first described in the treatise Musica enchiriadis, which used the term organum for two distinct kinds of polyphony. Two main types of polyphony were organum and the motet. Although monophony remained the principal medium of performance and composition, the rise of written polyphony introduced four concepts that have distinguished Western music ever since: counterpoint, harmony, the centrality of notation, and composition. One result was the growth of polyphony in church music, which heightened the grandeur of chant. ![]() The eleventh and twelfth centuries brought prosperity and cultural revival, in scholarship and the arts, to much of western Europe. Chapter 3: Polyphony through the Thirteenth Century ![]()
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